Dynamometers
by Chris Woodford. Last updated: June 23, 2011.
If your bicycle is fitted with a dynamo (a small electricity generator that drives your front and back lamps from the back wheel), you'll know it's harder to pedal when the lights are on than when they're off. That's because the energy you need to make the lights come on has to come from your legs. The faster you pedal, the quicker the dynamo turns and the brighter your lamps shine (up to a point, anyway). So how bright your lamps are shining is a crude measurement of how fast you're pedaling and how much force you're producing with your legs. Now suppose you wanted to measure how much power something like a car engine could make. You could do it using a bigger version of a bicycle dynamo, with some sort of a meter in place of the lights to give you an accurate reading. Machines that measure force, power, or speed in this way are called dynamometers. Let's take a closer look at how they work!
Photo: Testing, testing! The giant driving dynamometer (top) is turning a wind turbine generator and drive train (bottom) to simulate how well they would work in extreme wind conditions. If you can't figure out what's happening here, imagine a large electric motor and generator coupled together by a sturdy metal rod—and that's pretty much what you can see. Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (US DOE/NREL).
What is a dynamometer?
A dynamometer is a device that can measure force, power, or speed—so you can figure out how much power you need or how much you have to hand.
Measuring how much power you need
If you've got something like a giant factory machine made up of levers, gears, drive belts, and other bits and pieces, and you want to know how big an engine or electric motor you'd need to make it work, you can use a machine called a driving dynamometer. It's essentially just an ordinary engine or an electric motor with some appropriate measuring meters or monitors attached so you know how much power, force, or speed is being used at any given moment.
Measuring how much power you have
If you've got an engine or motor, you can use a different kind of dynamometer to measure how much torque (turning force), power, or speed it can produce. Here, the dynamometer acts as a variable load that the engine/motor drives. It works by soaking up or absorbing the power that the engine/motor produces, so it's called an absorption dynamometer.
Photo: This absorption (chassis) dynamometer measures the power of a truck's diesel engine. It consists of heavy metal rollers that spin round when the truck engine's wheels turn, absorbing the power. Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (US DOE/NREL).
An absorption dynamometer is a bit more sophisticated and interesting than a driving dynamometer. If you think about it, it needs a way of soaking up and dissipating potentially a huge amount of power, and there are all kinds of different ways to do this. One easy way is to use electromagnetism.
Photo: An electric motor and a generator are essentially the same device working in exactly opposite ways. An electric motor can work as a driving dynamometer; an electric generator can work as an absorption dyanamometer.
If you wanted to test out the power of an electric motor, you could connect its driving axle up to the axle of a generator. As the motor spins around, it would make the generator spin too, producing an electric current proportional to the motor's power; measure the generator current and you have an indication of how powerful the motor is.
A car speedometer is a different kind of dynamometer that uses electromagnetism. A spinning metal disc connected by a cable to the car's wheels makes a magnet rotate inside a metal cup. As the magnet rotates, it generates eddy currents (a kind of opposing electromagnetism) in the cup that try to slow the magnet down. The cup starts to rotate and that makes a pointer (the speedometer needle) turn up a dial.
Not all dynamometers use electromagnetism. Some work like water turbines: as you spin their axles, you turn a paddle inside a drum filled with water (or thick oil). That provides the resistance and load, and the power produced by an engine, motor, or other machine under test is dissipated by the water or oil heating up as the paddle turns. Other kinds of dynamometers use hydraulic pistons or friction to dissipate power.
Some dynamometers can work in either absorption or driving mode. An electric motor is a good example: feed electricity into it and it can drive another machine; turn its axle using another motor, engine, or machine and it will spin in reverse, producing a measurable electric current like an electricity generator. Instruments that work in both ways (driving and absorption) are sometimes called universal dynamometers.
