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Detail of yellow woven Kevlar from a proposed inflatable space habitat

Kevlar®

Nature has given us some amazing materials. There's wood: a material so strong and versatile you can use it for everything from making paper to building houses. There's also wool, with insulation so effective it lets sheep stand outside in the snow all winter. Or how about skin: a material that will repair itself automatically and often completely invisibly in only a matter of days? Truly incredible though these materials are, they're far from perfect for every application, especially in the modern world where the challenges we face are ones nature could never have anticipated. That's why we now rely on synthetic materials such as Kevlar®. It's a plastic strong enough to stop bullets and knives—often described as being "five times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis." [1] It has many other uses too, from making boats and bowstrings to reinforcing tires and brake pads. [2] Let's take a closer look at how it's made and what makes it so tough!

Photo: Kevlar is best known as a protective material, but it's much more versatile than that. This is a piece of woven Kevlar being used as part of a proposed, inflatable "space tent" for use on the Moon or Mars. Photo by Paul Hudson published on Wikimedia Commons under a Creative Commons (CC BY 2.0) licence.

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Contents

  1. What exactly is Kevlar?
  2. What's so good about Kevlar?
  3. How is Kevlar made?
  4. What's Kevlar used for?
  5. What makes Kevlar such a good antiballistic material?
  6. Find out more

What exactly is Kevlar?

Kevlar is one of those magic modern materials people talk about all the time without ever really explaining any further. "It's made of Kevlar", they say, with a knowing nod, as though that were all the explanation you needed.

Kevlar is simply a super-strong plastic. If that sounds unimpressive, remember that there are plastics—and there are plastics. There are literally hundreds of synthetic plastics made by polymerization (joining together long chain molecules) and they have widely different properties. Kevlar's amazing properties are partly due to its internal structure (how its molecules are naturally arranged in regular, parallel lines) and partly due to the way it's made into fibers that are knitted tightly together. [3]

A ballistic test of braided Kevlar

Photo: Kevlar textiles get their properties partly from the inherent strength of the polymer from which the fibers are made and partly from the way the fibers are knitted tightly together, as shown here in a NASA ballistics test. Picture courtesy of NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC) and Internet Archive.

Kevlar is not like cotton—it's not something anyone can make from the right raw materials. It's a proprietary material made only by the DuPont™ chemical company and it comes in two main varieties called Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 49 (other varieties are made for special applications). [4] In its chemical structure, it's very similar to another versatile protective material called Nomex. Kevlar and Nomex are examples of chemicals called synthetic aromatic polyamides or aramids for short. Calling Kevlar a synthetic aromatic polyamide polymer makes it sound unnecessarily complex. Things start to make more sense if you consider that description one word at a time:

Like Nomex, Kevlar is a distant relative of nylon, the first commercially successful "superpolyamide", developed by DuPont in the 1930s. Kevlar was introduced in 1971, having been discovered in the early 1960s by US chemist Stephanie Kwolek (1923–2014), who earned US Patent 3,287,323 for her invention, with Paul Morgan, in 1966. Originally developed as a lightweight replacement for steel bracing in vehicle tires, it's probably best-known today for its use in things like body armor; by the time of Kwolek's death in 2014, one million Kevlar body vests had been sold—and countless lives saved. [5]

What's so good about Kevlar?

Braided Kevlar rope is repaired by a US naval operative using a screwdriver

Photo: Braided Kevlar can be used to make super-strong rope. Compared on a strength-to-weight ratio, Kevlar is about 5–6 times stronger than steel wire and twice as strong as ordinary nylon fiber. Picture by Casey H. Kyhl courtesy of US Navy and Wikimedia Commons.

These are some of Kevlar's properties:

And what's bad?

It's worth noting that Kevlar also has its drawbacks. In particular, although it has very high tensile (pulling) strength, it has very poor compressive strength (resistance to squashing or squeezing). That's why Kevlar isn't used instead of steel as a primary building material in things like buildings, bridges, and other structures where compressive forces are common.

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How is Kevlar made?

There are two main stages involved in making Kevlar. First you have to produce the basic plastic from which Kevlar is made (a chemical called poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide—no wonder they call it Kevlar). Second, you have to turn it into strong fibers. So the first step is all about chemistry; the second one is about turning your chemical product into a more useful, practical material.

Polyamides like Kevlar are polymers (huge molecules made of many identical parts joined together in long chains) made by repeating amides over and over again. Amides are simply chemical compounds in which part of an organic (carbon-based) acid replaces one of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia (NH3). So the basic way of making a polyamide is to take an ammonia-like chemical and react it with an organic acid. This is an example of what chemists call a condensation reaction because two substances fuse together into one. [7]

Chemical structure of kevlar showing chemical bonds in its monomer

Artwork: Kevlar's monomer: C=carbon, H=hydrogen, O=oyxgen, N=nitrogen, — is a single chemical bond, and = is a double bond. This basic building block is repeated over and over again in the very long chains that make up the Kevlar polymer. Source: "US Patent: 3287323: Process for the production of a highly orientable, crystallizable, filament" by Stephanie Kwolek et al.

Kevlar's chemical structure naturally makes it form in tiny straight rods that pack closely together, like lots of stiff new pencils stuffed tightly into a box (only without the box). These rods form extra bonds between one another (known as hydrogen bonds) giving extra strength—as though you'd glued the pencils together as well. This bonded rod structure is essentially what gives Kevlar its amazing properties. (More technically speaking, we can say the Kevlar rods are showing what's called nematic behavior (lining up in the same direction), which is also what happens in the liquid crystals used in LCDs (liquid crystal displays).)

You probably know that natural materials such as wool and cotton have to be spun into fibers before they can turned into useful textile products—and the same is true of artificial fibers such as nylon, Kevlar, and Nomex. The basic aramid is turned into fibers by a process called wet spinning, which involves forcing a hot, concentrated, and very viscous solution of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide through a spinneret (a metal former a bit like a sieve) to make long, thin, strong, and stiff fibers that are wound onto drums. The fibers are then cut to length and woven into a tough mat to make the super-strong, super-stiff finished material we know as Kevlar. [8]

Three stages in making Kevlar: 1) Start with a dilute solution; 2) Make the solution more concentrated; 3) Spin to create highly oriented fibers.

Artwork: How Kevlar is made. 1) The rodlike Kevlar molecules start off in dilute solution. 2) Increasing the concentration increases the number of molecules but doesn't make them align. At this stage, the molecules are still tangled up and not extended into straight, parallel chains. 3) The wet-spinning process causes the rods to straighten out fully and align so they're all oriented in the same direction—forming what's called a nematic structure—and this is what gives Kevlar its exceptionally high strength. Image based on an original artwork from DuPont's Kevlar Technical Guide (see references below).

What's Kevlar used for?

Kevlar can be used by itself or as part of a composite material (one material combined with others) to give added strength. It's probably best known for its use in bulletproof vests and knifeproof body armor, but it has dozens of other applications as well. It's used as reinforcement in car tires, in car brakes, in the strings of archery bows, and in car, boat, and even aircraft bodies. It's even used in buildings and structures, although not (because of its relatively low compressive strength) as the primary structural material. [9]

Piece of Kevlar damaged by a missile

Photo: Super-strong Kevlar is best known for its use in body armor—and this photo shows you why: it's a piece of Kevlar after being hit by a projectile. You can see a dent (coming up toward the camera)—but you can't see a hole. You might be bruised by this impact (or suffer what's called a "blunt trauma" injury), but you wouldn't die. Picture courtesy of US Army.

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What makes Kevlar such a good antiballistic material?

A pair of medieval knights dressed in armor fight with swords.

Photo: Think of Kevlar as a lightweight modern alternative to heavy, cumbersome, medieval suits of armor! Photo by Staff Sgt. Nate Hauser courtesy of US Marine Corps and Internet Archive.

If you've read our article on bullets, you'll know that they damage things—and people—because they travel at high speeds with huge amounts of kinetic energy. Although there's no such thing as completely "bulletproof," materials like bulletproof glass do a good job at protecting us by absorbing (soaking up) and dissipating (spreading out) the energy of a bullet.

Kevlar is an excellent antiballistic (bullet- and knife-resistant) material because it takes a great deal of energy to make a knife or a bullet pass through it. The tightly woven fibers of highly oriented (lined-up) polymer molecules are extremely hard to move apart: it takes energy to separate them. A bullet (or a knife pushed hard by an attacker) has its energy "stolen" from it as it tries to fight its way through. If it does manage to penetrate the material, it's considerably slowed down and does far less damage.

Although Kevlar is stronger than steel, it's about 5.5 times less dense (the density of Kevlar is about 1.44 grams per cubic centimeter, compared to steel, which is round about 7.8–8 grams per cubic centimeter). That means a certain volume of Kevlar will weigh 5–6 times less than the same volume of steel. Think back to medieval knights with their cumbersome suits of armor: in theory, modern Kevlar gives just as much protection—but it's light and flexible enough to wear for much longer periods.

More layers = more protection

If you think of Kevlar "soaking up" the energy of a bullet, it's fairly obvious that a greater thickness of Kevlar—more layers of the material bonded together—will give more protection.

How much Kevlar do you need to stop a bullet? It depends on the Kevlar and it depends on the weight, type, and speed of the bullet. Kevlar comes in different weights—and bullets also come in different types and weights and travel at very different speeds, with different amounts of energy. The bigger the bullet and the faster it's travelling, the more kinetic energy it has, the further it will penetrate, and the more damage it will do. You need more layers of Kevlar to stop bigger, faster bullets than smaller, slower ones. Typically, bulletproof vests have at least 8–16 layers of Kevlar and often 32–48 layers or even more. Some vests combine Kevlar with other materials, while others use different materials instead of Kevlar, such as Spectra®. [10]

More Kevlar gives more protection. A chart showing how bullets need to be fired faster to penetrate increasing thicknesses of Kevlar armor.

Chart: You need a greater thickness of Kevlar body armor to stop higher-speed (velocity) bullets. In theory, the thicker the Kevlar, the shorter the distance a bullet should be able to pass through (the shorter the penetration depth); in practice, it's a little bit more complicated than that.

Generally speaking, the more layers of heavier Kevlar you have, the more protective your "bulletproof" armor, but the heavier, bulkier, and hotter it will be to wear, and the more it will restrict your movement. You could cover yourself with a million layers of Kevlar, which might stop most everyday bullets, but it's hardly going to be practical. So there's a tradeoff to be made between protection and usability. And, where Kevlar's concerned, it's not always a matter of "thicker equals better": there's another qualification too. Bullets travel fast—a rifle bullet can be going 10 times faster than a race car—and they're designed to deform when they hit things so they do more damage. According to some recent ballistics research, the Kevlar in a bulletproof vest will affect this process, sometimes making a bullet travel further into a target than if no (or less) Kevlar were used. That's why you need a lot of Kevlar in effective bulletproof vests, both to allow for how it might alter the bullet and to soak up all the bullet's energy.

Kevlar isn't always enough

If you want to protect soldiers against high-velocity rifle bullets, you're going to need much thicker armor than if you simply want to protect police officers against handgun bullets, which have lower velocity and less kinetic energy. It's important to remember that no material is 100 percent bulletproof—and sometimes even Kevlar isn't enough.

You can see this clearly in the official US National Institute of Justice Body Armor Classification, which ranks bulletproof vests and other body protection (made of Kevlar and other materials) on a scale from I to IV for its ability to protect against bullets fired from weapons of different power. At the low end of the scale, type IIA armor has to protect against smaller handgun bullets (typically 9mm full metal jacketed bullets weighing 8.0g or 0.3 oz and fired at about 373 m/s or 834 mph); you need at least 16 layers of Kevlar for that. Higher up the scale, type IIIA armor has to resist more powerful handheld bullets (such as .44 Magnum bullets weighing 15.6 g or 0.6 oz and fired at 436 m/s or 975 mph); that needs twice as much Kelvar—at least 30 layers. It's important to note that even Kevlar has its limits. For protection against rifle bullets (ordinary ones or armor-piercing ones), which travel much faster (850–900 m/s or 1900–2000 mph) with considerably higher kinetic energy, Kevlar isn't enough: you need body armor made from steel or ceramic plates (classified as type III and IV).

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References

  1.    Bear in mind that there are many different types of steel, with widely differing properties, and note the part about "on an equal weight basis." DuPont's website is the original source for the claim; for example, on its page Kevlar Fibers. Many books repeat this information; see this selection from Google Books. Checking the Kevlar Technical Guide, we find the tensile strength of both Kevlar 29 and 49 is about 3600MPa, while the ultimate tensile strength of high-strength steels is more like 500–800Mpa.
  2.    Kevlar's uses and applications, DuPont.
  3.    Kevlar Technical Guide, DuPont, 2017, pp.3–4.
  4.    Kevlar Technical Guide, DuPont, 2017, p5. Other varieties include Kevlar 100 (for ropes), Kevlar 129 (for lightweight motorcycle gear), and quite a few more described in Kevlar® Fibers.
  5.    According to Kwolek's New York Times obituary, her team's task was "trying to develop a lightweight fiber that would be strong enough to replace the steel used in radial tires."
  6.    The source for all the information in this list is the Kevlar Technical Guide, DuPont, 2017.
  7.    The formation of Kevlar by condensation polymerization is described in the original Kwolek and Morgan patent: US Patent: 3287323: Process for the production of a highly orientable, crystallizable, filament.
  8.    For more on how synthetic fibers are manufactured, and how they get their strength, see "Chapter 4: Synthetic polymeric fibers" in Fibrous Materials by K. K. Chawla, Cambridge, 1998, p.73.
  9.    Kevlar's uses and applications, DuPont.
  10.    For a simple overview of the effectiveness of different amounts of Kevlar, see the entry "Body Armor" in The Encyclopedia of High-tech Crime and Crime-fighting by Michael Newton, Facts on File, 2003, p.41.

Please do NOT copy our articles onto blogs and other websites

Articles from this website are registered at the US Copyright Office. Copying or otherwise using registered works without permission, removing this or other copyright notices, and/or infringing related rights could make you liable to severe civil or criminal penalties.

Text copyright © Chris Woodford 2008, 2023. All rights reserved. Full copyright notice and terms of use.

"Nomex", "Kevlar", and "DuPont" are trademarks or registered trademarks of E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company.

"Spectra" is a registered trademark of Honeywell International Inc.

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Woodford, Chris. (2008/2023) Kevlar. Retrieved from https://www.explainthatstuff.com/kevlar.html. [Accessed (Insert date here)]

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@misc{woodford_kevlar, author = "Woodford, Chris", title = "Kevlar", publisher = "Explain that Stuff", year = "2008", url = "https://www.explainthatstuff.com/kevlar.html", urldate = "2023-05-17" }

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