Airbags
by Chris Woodford. Last updated: July 1, 2022.
Bang! We think of explosions as
terrible, dangerous things—but that's not always the case. Every
day, explosions are helping to save people's lives. If you're unlucky
enough to be involved in a car accident, a carefully controlled
explosion will (hopefully) fire an airbag out from the dashboard,
cushioning the impact and helping to reduce the damage to your body.
Airbags are very simple but also amazingly clever, because they have
to open up at over 300 km/h (200mph)—faster than a car can crash!
Let's take a closer look at how they work.
Artwork: Airbags save lives thanks to the selfless dedication of crash-test dummies, which have been a feature of car design since the very first dummy, Sierra Sam, made his original test drive in 1949. If we couldn't test new safety innovations with dummies, we'd never be able to deploy them in our cars for real.
Photo by Alex Durbin courtesy of US Air Force and
DVIDS.
Why car crashes do damage
Like everything else in the world,
car crashes are controlled by the laws of physics—and, more specifically, the
laws of motion.
Anything that moves has mass (very loosely speaking, this means how much
"stuff" an object contains and it's closely related to how heavy it
feels) and velocity
(loosely, this is the same thing as speed, but strictly it means
speed in a certain direction). Anything that has mass and velocity has
kinetic energy, and the heavier your car and
the faster you're going, the more kinetic energy it has. That's fine until you suddenly want
to stop—or until you crash into something. Then all the energy has
to go somewhere. Even though cars are designed to crumple up and
absorb impacts, their energy still poses a major risk to the
driver and passengers.
Chart: The faster you go, the harder it is to stop. That's because your kinetic energy increases
with the square of your speed (your speed × your speed). The more kinetic energy you have, the more you need
to lose before you come to a stop. If a collision brings your car to a halt in a certain time, the more energy you have, the more
violent the collision, and the greater the chance you'll be injured or killed. Airbags help your body stop more slowly,
reducing the risk of injury and death. [Chart based on a vehicle of total mass 1500kg.]
The trouble is, people inside a
moving car have mass and velocity too and, even if the car stops,
they'll tend to keep on going. It's a basic law of physics (known as
Newton's first law of motion, after brilliant English physicist Sir Isaac
Newton who first stated it) that things that are moving tend to keep
on moving until something (a force of some kind) stops them. Cars
have had seatbelts for decades, but they're a fairly crude form of
protection. The biggest problem is that they restrain only your body.
Your head weighs a surprising 3–6kg (6–12lb)—as much as several bags of
sugar— and isn't restrained at all. So even if your body is fastened
tight, the same basic law of
physics says your head will keep on going and smash into the
steering wheel or the glass windshield (windscreen).
That's where airbags come in.
How airbags help
An airbag is more correctly known
as a supplementary restraint system (SRS) or supplementary
inflatable restraint (SIR). The word "supplementary" here means that the
airbag is designed to help the seatbelts protect you rather than
replace them (relying on an airbag to protect you without fastening
your seatbelt is extremely dangerous).
The basic idea is that the airbag inflates as soon as the car starts to slow down in an accident and
deflates as your head presses against it. That's important: if the bag didn't deflate, your head would just bounce back off it and you'd be no better off.
Photo: A typical crash-test dummy has over 130 different sensors packed inside. This dummy, whose name is "Adam," doesn't test crash responses: he's designed to sweat like a real person so researchers can test the climate conditions inside a car! Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/ NREL).
How effective are airbags?
Airbags sound like they must be a good idea, but scientists like hard evidence: is
there any proof that they reduce fatalities?
In 1995, Adrian Lund and Susan Ferguson published a
major study of road traffic accidents over eight years from 1985 to 1993. They found that airbags reduced fatalities by 23–24 percent in head-on crashes and by 16 percent in crashes of all kinds, compared to cars fitted only with manual safety belts.
That's obviously a huge improvement, but it's important to note that airbags are violently explosive things that present dangers of their own. The biggest risk is to young children, though adults also face a small risk of
eye injury and hearing loss.
If an airbag saves your life, you probably consider a slight risk of injury a price well worth paying. Even so, it's clearly important to study the potential dangers of airbags so we can make them as safe and effective as possible.
Modern airbags (installed since the late 1990s) fire with less force than older designs,
and there's compelling evidence that this has reduced accidental deaths, especially among children, without compromising passenger safety.
Who invented airbags?
If you search around online, you'll find quite a few different people are credited with inventing airbags.
Who thought of them first? In the United States, it appears to have been John W. Hetrick of Newport, Pennsylvania, who came up with the idea after an accident in which he swerved his car off the road into a ditch to avoid hitting a rock, almost throwing his daughter through the windshield. Hetrick filed his patent for a Safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles on August 5, 1952 (it was granted as US Patent #2,649,311 on August 18, 1953).
Meanwhile over in Europe, a German inventor named Walter Linderer had filed an airbag patent
(DE896312C: Device to protect people in vehicles against injuries in the event of a collision) in October 1951, some 10 months before Hetrick, although it was officially granted three months after Hetrick's patent in November 1953.
As often happens in the history of invention, it seems likely that the two men came up with the same idea independently at more or less the same time.
Artwork: John Hetrick's original airbag design from 1953, which I've colored to make it easier to follow. There are three separate drawings here, showing the main mechanism (occupying most of the picture), a driver's perspective view of the steering wheel (bottom right), and a view of the inflated bag from the side (top right). The bag is triggered by a heavy weight (blue) restrained by a spring (yellow) inside the red cylinder on the right. After an impact, the weight pushes the spring to the right, opening a valve inside a pipe (turquoise) that allows compressed air to flow out from a cylinder (green) and inflate the airbag cushion. Artwork courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office. Read a full description in Safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles (via Google Patents).
Many other inventors have built on the idea since then, notably Allen K. Breed (1927–2000), who developed a variety of different ways of triggering the explosion of gas inside an airbag just before the impact of a crash. According to
Breed's New York Times obituary, he made his first airbag design in 1968, and filed numerous patents for improvements, helping to turn Breed Corporation into one of the world's largest suppliers of car safety systems.
Other early pioneers include Charles O Berryman of Eaton Yale and Towne Inc, who produced airbags for Ford
(US3441290A: Vehicle safety system filed in 1967), Maurice Leising and colleagues at Chrysler
(US3618981A: Inflatable device filed in 1969), and Irving and Emanuel Landsman
(US3617073A: Automobile safety system filed in 1969), who were among the first to describe side-firing airbags for drivers and rear-seat passengers.
Back in Europe, Walter Linderer's work had inspired Mercedes to experiment with airbags in its luxury cars. Development started in the mid-1960s and, in 1971, produced another influential patent, US3874693A/DE2152902C2: Protective device, especially for the passengers of motor vehicles.
