Vacuum flasks
Last updated: July 1, 2008.
Humans can be pretty contrary at the best of times. When it's cold,
we want to warm up; when it's hot, we want to cool down. That's because we're
warm-blooded creatures who need to keep our body temperatures more or
less constant, at around 37°C (98.6°F), just to survive. Vacuum
flasks are a bit like people in this respect. If you put hot drinks
in them, they keep them hot; if you put cold drinks in them, they
keep them cool. They're simple, neat, and effective—but how exactly
do they work?
Photo: A typical Thermos® vacuum flask. Vacuum flasks are widely known as
Thermos flasks for the Germany company that commercialized vacuum flask technology in 1904. The idea was originally conceived in the early 1890s by a Scottish scientist named Sir James Dewar (1842–1923).
How heat travels
Before we can understand why flasks are so fantastic, we need to
understand a bit
more about how heat travels.
Heat is a kind of energy that moves
around our world in three different ways called
conduction, convection, and radiation. If you touch something hot,
heat flows straight into your body because there's a direct
connection between you and the hot object. Heat conduction
happens only when things touch.
Convection, on
the other hand, can happen without the need for direct contact. If
you switch on a fan heater, it blows hot air through a grille into
your room. Hot air is less dense (lighter, effectively) than cold air
so it rises upwards. As hot air starts to climb up from a fan heater,
it has to push colder air out of its way. So the cooler air near the
ceiling of your room moves back toward the floor to get out of the
way. Pretty soon, there's a kind of invisible conveyor belt of
warming, rising air and cooling falling air and this gradually warms
up the room. When heat moves in this way, using a moving liquid or
gas to travel from one place to another, we call it convection.
Heating soup in a saucepan is another way of using convection.
Artwork: How convection pumps heat through a saucepan of soup. Warming soup (red arrows) swirls upward, while cooling soup (blue arrows) sinks down to take its place. The cooler soup is then warmed by the hot plate beneath and rises up in its turn. Gradually, the soup gets hotter and hotter.
Radiation is
slightly different again from conduction and convection. When objects
are hot, they give off light. That's why camp fires glow red, orange,
and yellow. This happens because the atoms
in hot objects become "excited" and unstable when they gain extra heat energy from the
fire. Since they're unstable, the atoms quickly return to their
normal state—and give off the energy they had as light. (Read more
about how and why this happens in our longer article about light.)
Sometimes we can see the light that atoms produce and sometimes not.
If the light they produce is just a bit too red for our eyes to see,
it's called infrared radiation
and, rather than seeing it, we feel it as heat.
You can feel the infrared given off by hot objects even if
you're not touching them (so there's no conduction) and there's no
air or liquid present to carry heat either (so there's no
convection). Radiation explains why we can feel heat coming from
old-style, incandescent lamps even though they're surrounded by glass with a vacuum inside.
You can read much more about heat energy in our main article on heat.
Why your coffee goes cold
Suppose you've just
made a hot pot of coffee. You'll be well aware that you need to drink
it quickly before it goes cold—but why does it go cold? Boiling
water has a temperature of 100°C (212°F), while room
temperature is more likely to be 15-20°C (60-70°F), depending on the
weather and
whether you have your heating on. Since the water in your drink is so
much hotter than the room, heat flows rapidly from the coffee pot
into the surroundings. Some heat will be lost by conduction: because
your coffee pot is standing on a table or worktop, heat will flow
directly downward and disappear that way. The air directly above and
all around the pot will be warmed by it and start moving around, so
more heat will be lost by convection. And some heat will also be lost
by radiation.
Together, conduction, convection, and radiation will turn piping hot coffee into something
cold, miserable and yucky in less than an hour. If you want your
coffee to stay hot, you need to stop conduction, convection, and
radiation from happening. And you can do that by putting your coffee
into a vacuum flask.
How vacuum flasks work
A vacuum flask is a bit like a superinsulated jug. Most versions have an inner chamber and an outer
plastic or metal case separated by two layers of glass
with a vacuum in between. The glass is usually lined with a reflective metal layer.
Unbreakable flasks do away with the glass. Instead, they have two layers of stainless steel with a vacuum and a reflecting layer in between them. There's also a tight, screw-down stopper on the top of the vase.
Photo: With the stopper removed, you can clearly see the reflective glass inside this Thermos flask.
These few, simple features
prevent virtually all heat transfer by either conduction,
convection, or radiation. The vacuum prevents conduction. The tight
stopper prevents air from entering or leaving the flask, so
convection isn't possible either. What about radiation? When infrared
radiation tries to leave the hot liquid, the reflective lining of the
inner chamber reflects it straight back in again. There's virtually
no way heat can escape from a vacuum flask and a hot drink stored
inside will stay steaming hot for several hours.
Flasks also work for cold drinks. If heat can't escape from a vacuum
flask, it follows that heat can't penetrate into a flask from outside either. The
sealed stopper stops heat getting in by convection; the vacuum stops
conduction, and the metal lining between the outer case and the inner chamber
stops heat radiating in either.
Whether you like your coffee piping hot or icy cold, vacuum flasks
are an absolutely brilliant way to keep your drinks just the way you want. Some heat still escapes
(or gets in) eventually, mostly through the stopper, but flasks like this are still a vast
improvement on virtually every other kind of insulated drinks container.
