Night vision goggles

by Chris Woodford. Last updated: February 7, 2012.

How many times has someone said to you: "If you eat all your carrots, you'll be able to see in the dark." If there were any truth in that, soldiers, sailors, and pilots wouldn't go anywhere without a carrot stuffed in their pocket. Much more useful on the battleground are night vision goggles: electronic eyes that boost weak night-time vision into something many times more powerful. If you want to fight wars at night or watch wildlife in the twilight, night vision goggles are the way to go—but how exactly do these clever bits of kit turn darkness into light? Let's take a closer look!

Photo: The US Navy on a helicopter mission in Iraq in 2002, seen through night vision goggles. Photo by Lt. Troy Wilcox courtesy of US Navy.

How animals see in the dark

Humans are built for living in the daytime and sleeping in the dark. The retina (the light-sensitive part of our eyes) has cells called cones (for seeing colored light) and rods (for detecting movement and dim light). We have 20 times more rods than cones (120 million rods and only 6 million cones), yet we're still not very good at seeing in the dark.

Armadillo foraging

Other animals are built differently. Creatures that live in the dark tend to have much bigger pupils (holes in front of their eyes) to let in more light. Tarsiers, for example, have enormous eyes relative to their body size. Like other nocturnal creatures, their retinas contain many more rods than the human eye. Cats, which also spend much of their time hunting at night, are among creatures whose eyes contain a tapetum. This is a natural mirror that reflects light back out of the eye. Its job is to bounce the incoming light twice through the retina so the animal has double the chance to see things. That's why cats are so good at seeing in the dark—and why, when you shine at torch at them, their eyes reflect light straight back like mirrors.

Humans can't use any of these tricks. Our pupils open wider in dim light, but not wide enough to help us that much at night. Our eyes don't have enough rods—and we don't have a tapetum. So what can we do to see at night? We can reach for technology!

Photo: The armadillo is generally a creature of the night. Photo by John and Karen Hollingsworth courtesy of US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Land Warrior PVS-14 night vision system

How to invent night vision

Photo: A Land Warrior PVS-14 night vision device used by the US Army. Photo by courtesy of US Army.

Imagine your job is to invent a pair of eyeglasses that will help people see at night. It's obvious what you have to do. Light rays will travel into the glasses at the front, so you must capture them somehow, boost them in strength, and then fire them into the person's eyes. But how can you capture and boost light? Binoculars, telescopes, and even ordinary eyeglasses will bring light to a focus, but they don't make it any brighter. It's easy to invent a pair of glasses that make things dimmer: you just coat the lenses with something that absorbs some of the light—and that's how sunglasses work. But glasses that make things brighter are a tall order.

Electricity, on the other hand, is very easy to boost in strength. People have invented all sorts of electrical devices that take in a small electric current (flow of electricity) at one end and produce a bigger flow at the other. Something that does this is called an amplifier. A hearing aid, for example, uses a tiny electronic component called a transistor to amplify sounds (increase their volume) captured by a microphone so that someone hard of hearing can listen to them more easily. An electric guitar uses a much more powerful amplifier to turn the plucking sounds the strings make into sounds that can fill a stadium.

So here's a way to invent goggles that boost light. What if we turn the light into electricity, boost the electricity, and then turn the boosted electricity back into light? That should make the light much brighter so we can see even at night. This unlikely sounding trick really does work—and it's how night vision goggles help us to see.

A pair of night vision goggles in front of someone's face A soldier looking through night vision goggles
Photo: Night vision goggles are an extension of your own vision. Left: Photo by Kenneth R. Hendrix courtesy of US Navy. Right: Photo by James Selesnick courtesy of US Army. and Defense Imagery.

How do night vision goggles work?

Night vision goggles boost a dim, dark scene in a series of simple steps:

Illustrated artwork showing how night vision works.

Dim light from a night scene enters the lens at the front. The light is made of photons (particles of light) of all colors.
As the photons enter the goggles, they strike a light-sensitive surface called a photocathode. It's a bit like a very precise solar panel: it's job is to convert photons into electrons (the tiny, subatomic particles that carry electricity round a circuit).
The electrons are amplified by a photomultiplier, a kind of photoelectric cell. Each electron entering the photomultiplier results in many more electrons leaving it.
The electrons leaving the photomultiplier hit a phosphor screen, similar to the screen in an old-fashioned television. As the electrons hit the phosphor, they create tiny flashes of light.
Since there are many more photons than originally entered the goggles, the screen makes a much brighter version of the original scene.

Photo: Artwork by explainthatstuff.com based on the photo up above, courtesy of US Army. Please note that this is a generalized illustration of what happens in night vision goggles; it doesn't represent precisely how the Land Warrior device shown in the photo actually works.

Why does everything look green through night vision goggles?

Cleaning the image intensification tube on night vision goggles

Even at night, the photons that hit the lens at the front of night vision goggles are carrying light of all colors. But when they are converted to electrons, there's no way to preserve that information. Effectively, the incoming, colored light is turned into black and white. Why, then, don't night vision goggles look black and white? The phosphors on their screens are deliberately chosen to make green pictures because our eyes are more sensitive to green light. It's also easier to look at green screens for long periods than to look at black and white ones (that's why early computer screens tended to be green). Hence, night vision goggles have their characteristic, eerie green glow.

Photo: Night-vision goggles have to be kept clean just like ordinary eyeglasses. Here, an electronics worker is cleaning out the photomultiplier (also called an image intensification tube). Photo by Tracey Condi courtesy of U.S. Army.